Islamic Studies
Caliphate & Rulers: From the Rightly Guided Caliphs to the Ottoman Caliphate
Who was the last powerful Ottoman Caliph who struggled against colonial powers?
Explanation
Abdul Hamid II (1293–1327 AH) was the last powerful Ottoman Caliph who resisted European colonial powers and worked to unite Muslims globally.
Reference: Islamic Studies - Caliphate & Rulers
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