The Seerah of the Prophet ﷺ refers to his entire life. This topic covers his birth, lineage, life before prophethood, the first revelation, open and secret preaching, migration to Abyssinia and Medina...
| Detail | Information |
|---|---|
| Date | 12th Rabi' al-Awwal (or 9th, 10th, 12th) – Year of the Elephant ('Am al-Fil) |
| Christian Date | April 22, 571 CE (according to some: August 20, 570 CE) |
| Place | Makkah, near Shi'b Abi Talib |
| Father's Name | Abdullah bin Abdul Muttalib (died before birth – in Medina) |
| Mother's Name | Aminah bint Wahb (died when the Prophet was 6 years old) |
| Grandfather's Name | Abdul Muttalib (raised him) |
| Uncle's Name | Abu Talib (raised him) |
The Prophet's ﷺ lineage traces back 30 generations to Prophet Ismail (AS) and then to Prophet Ibrahim (AS).
Complete Lineage (in birth order):
Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Abdul Muttalib (Shaybah) bin Hashim ('Amr) bin Abd Manaf (Mughirah) bin Qusayy bin Kilab bin Murrah bin Ka'b bin Lu'ayy bin Ghalib bin Fihr bin Malik bin An-Nadr bin Kinanah bin Khuzaymah bin Mudrikah bin Ilyas bin Mudar bin Nizar bin Ma'd bin Adnan.
Key Points about Lineage:
The lineage up to Adnan is certain. Beyond Adnan to Ismail (AS), there is disagreement among scholars.
He belonged to the Hashimi family.
Banu Hashim was the most respected tribe of Quraysh.
| Event | Age (years) | Details |
|---|---|---|
| Before birth | - | Father Abdullah passed away (in Medina) |
| Birth | 0 | Grandfather Abdul Muttalib named him "Muhammad" (no one had this name before) |
| Suckling (Rada'ah) | 0-4 | Haleemah as-Sa'diyah (from Banu Sa'd tribe) nursed him – here the event of Shaqq as-Sadr (opening of the chest) occurred |
| Mother's death | 6 | Aminah bint Wahb passed away (location: Abwa', between Makkah and Medina) |
| Grandfather's death | 8 | Abdul Muttalib passed away (in Makkah) |
| Lived with uncle | 8-25 | Abu Talib raised him |
| First journey to Syria | 12 | Journey to Syria with Abu Talib – Monk Bahira predicted his prophethood |
| Second journey to Syria | 25 | Trading with the wealth of Khadijah (RA) |
| Marriage | 25 | Married Khadijah (RA) – he was 25, she was 40 |
| Harb al-Fijar (Sacrilegious War) | 15-20 | War between Quraysh and Kinanah – he supported his uncles |
| Hilf al-Fudul (Alliance of the Virtuous) | 20 | Treaty against oppression – he participated |
He would seek seclusion in the Cave of Hira (Mountain of Noor).
Cave of Hira is located 3 km from Makkah.
He would contemplate the oneness of Allah (detesting idols).
| Detail | Information |
|---|---|
| Date | Ramadan, 610 CE (age 40) |
| Place | Cave of Hira |
| Event | Jibreel (AS) came and said: "Iqra'" (Read) |
| Prophet's response | "Ma ana bi qari'" (I am not a reader) |
| After three times | Jibreel recited the following verses: |
"Read in the name of your Lord who created. Created man from a clot. Read, and your Lord is the Most Generous. Who taught by the pen. Taught man that which he knew not." (Surah Al-Alaq 96:1-5)
The Prophet ﷺ returned home very distressed.
He said to Khadijah (RA): "I fear that I have become possessed (mad)."
Khadijah (RA) comforted him.
Waraqah bin Nawfal (a Christian scholar) confirmed that this was the same Namus (Jibreel) who came to Musa (AS).
| # | Name | Status |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Khadijah bint Khuwaylid (RA) | First among women |
| 2 | Ali bin Abi Talib (RA) | First among children (age 10) |
| 3 | Zayd bin Harithah (RA) | First among freed slaves |
| 4 | Abu Bakr as-Siddiq (RA) | First among men (free adults) |
| Detail | Information |
|---|---|
| Duration | 610 CE to 613 CE (first 3 years) |
| Location | Dar al-Arqam (house of Arqam bin Abi al-Arqam) |
| Purpose | To protect new and weak Muslims from the harm of the polytheists |
| Result | Approximately 40 people became Muslim |
| Detail | Information |
|---|---|
| Divine Command | Surah Ash-Shu'ara, verse 214: "And warn your closest relatives" |
| Event at Safa | He climbed Mount Safa, gathered Quraysh, and asked: "If I told you an enemy is behind this mountain, would you believe me?" They said: "Yes." Then he said: "I invite you to the oneness of Allah." |
| Abu Lahab's reaction | Abu Lahab said: "Perish you! Did you call us for this?" Then Surah Al-Masad was revealed. |
| Type of Oppression | Details |
|---|---|
| Mockery | Calling him "madman," "soothsayer," "magician" |
| Lying | Making false accusations against him |
| Physical harm | Spitting, throwing pebbles, placing thorns |
| Economic boycott | Stopping trade with Muslims |
| Imprisonment | Imprisoning weak Muslims |
| Torture and violence | Bilal, Ammar, Sumayyah (martyred) |
Famous Persecuted Companions:
Bilal bin Rabah: Hot iron was placed on his chest in the scorching sun
Ammar bin Yasir: Severely tortured
Sumayyah (mother of Ammar): First female martyr (killed by Abu Jahl with a spear)
| Detail | Information |
|---|---|
| Cause | Persecution by the polytheists increased, especially on weak Muslims |
| First Migration | 11 men and 4 women (leader: Uthman bin Affan RA) |
| Second Migration | 83 men and 18 women (total 101 people) |
| King | Negus (Ashamah) – a Christian king |
| Ja'far at-Tayyar's speech | Introduced Islam to Negus |
| Result | Muslims were given refuge; Negus did not send them back |
| Detail | Information |
|---|---|
| Cause | The people of Yathrib (Medina) gave their allegiance (First and Second Pledges of Aqabah) |
| Permission | Allah gave permission to migrate |
| Date | September 622 CE (1st Muharram 1 AH) |
| On the way | Hid in the Cave of Thawr for 3 days (with Abu Bakr) |
| Suraqah bin Malik's pursuit | His horse fell; he then asked for safety |
| Arrival in Medina | Reached Quba (first mosque: Masjid Quba) |
| Entry into Medina | 12th Rabi' al-Awwal (Monday) |
| Result | Beginning of the Islamic calendar (Hijri) |
| Detail | Information |
|---|---|
| Cause | A Quraysh caravan (Abu Sufyan) came from Syria; Muslims tried to intercept it |
| Date | 17th Ramadan, 2 AH |
| Location | Badr (130 km from Medina) |
| Muslims | 313-317 men, 2 horses, 70 camels |
| Polytheists | 950-1000 men, 100 horses, 700 camels |
| Result | Muslim victory (70 polytheists killed, 70 captured) |
| Martyrs | 14 Muslims |
| Famous polytheists killed | Abu Jahl ('Amr bin Hisham), Umayyah bin Khalaf |
| Mentioned in Quran | Surah Al-Anfal |
Key Points:
Angels descended (Jibreel, Mika'il, Israfil, and 1,000 angels)
The Prophet ﷺ prayed: "O Allah, if this group (Muslims) is destroyed, there will be no one left to worship You on earth."
| Detail | Information |
|---|---|
| Cause | Quraysh (led by Abu Sufyan) came to take revenge for Badr |
| Date | 15th Shawwal, 3 AH |
| Location | Mount Uhud (5 km from Medina) |
| Muslims | 700-750 men |
| Polytheists | 3,000 men |
| Result | Initial victory followed by Muslim defeat |
| Martyrs | 70 Muslims (including Hamzah RA) |
| Famous incident | Mistake of the archers (50 archers stationed on the hill left their post) |
| Martyrdom of Hamzah | Killed by Wahshi with a spear |
Key Points:
The Prophet ﷺ was injured (face wounded, tooth broken)
Abu Dujanah (RA) shielded the Prophet ﷺ with his back
Mentioned in Surah Al-Imran
| Detail | Information |
|---|---|
| Cause | Quraysh + Jews (Banu Nadir) + Ghatafan = alliance of 10,000 |
| Date | Dhul Qa'dah, 5 AH |
| Location | Around Medina |
| Method of defense | A trench was dug on the advice of Salman al-Farsi (RA) |
| Duration | 27 days |
| Result | Muslim victory (without fighting) |
| Mentioned in Quran | Surah Al-Ahzab (33) |
Key Points:
Trench dimensions: Width 9-10 ft, Depth 9-10 ft, Length 5.5 km
Ali (RA) killed Amr bin Abd Wudd, scattering the polytheists
Miracle: A storm blew away the polytheists' tents
Banu Quraydhah: Action was taken against this Jewish tribe after the battle
| Detail | Information |
|---|---|
| Cause | The Prophet ﷺ intended to perform Umrah with 1,400 Companions and headed for Makkah |
| Location | Hudaybiyyah (22 km from Makkah) |
| Date | Dhul Qa'dah, 6 AH (March 628 CE) |
| Polytheists' response | Blocked the way |
| Quraysh's envoy | Suhayl bin Amr |
| # | Term | Details |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Return this year | Return this year; come for Umrah next year (stay 3 days) |
| 2 | No war for 10 years | No war will take place for 10 years |
| 3 | Return of runaway men | Any Quraysh man who becomes Muslim without permission and comes to Medina will be returned |
| 4 | No return of runaway Muslims | Any Muslim who goes to Quraysh will not be returned |
| 5 | Alliances | Any tribe can ally with Muslims or with Quraysh |
| Event | Year | Details |
|---|---|---|
| Conquest of Khaybar | 7 AH | Conquered the Jewish fortress |
| Umrah (Qada) | 7 AH | Stayed for 3 days |
| Khalid bin Walid accepts Islam | 8 AH (after treaty) | "Saifullah" (Sword of Allah) |
| Amr ibn al-As accepts Islam | 8 AH | Later conquered Egypt |
The Treaty of Hudaybiyyah was called "Fath Mubin" (Clear Victory) in Surah Al-Fath.
| Detail | Information |
|---|---|
| Cause | Quraysh's ally (Banu Bakr) attacked the Muslims' ally (Banu Khuza'ah) – violation of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah |
| Date | 20th Ramadan, 8 AH (January 630 CE) |
| Muslim army size | 10,000 |
| Prophet's announcement | "Whoever enters the house of Abu Sufyan is safe." |
| Method of conquest | Without bloodshed (only a few were killed) |
| Event | Details |
|---|---|
| Breaking of idols | There were 360 idols; the Prophet ﷺ broke them (Surah Al-Isra 17:81) |
| General amnesty | "Idhhabu fa antum at-tulaqa'" (Go, you are all free) – except a few criminals |
| Abu Sufyan accepts Islam | He became Muslim just before the conquest |
| Tawaf of Kaaba | The Prophet ﷺ performed Umrah and circumambulated the Kaaba |
| Sermon of the conquest | "La ilaha illallah wahdahu la sharika lah" (There is no god but Allah, He has no partner) |
| Detail | Information |
|---|---|
| Date | Dhul Hijjah, 10 AH (February 632 CE) |
| Locations | Medina → Makkah → Arafat → Mina → Makkah |
| Number of Companions | Over 124,000 (according to some: 140,000) |
| Type of Hajj performed | Hajj Tamattu' (first Umrah, then Hajj) |
| # | Topic | Details |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sanctity of life and property | "Your lives and your property are as sacred as the sanctity of this day." |
| 2 | Abolition of interest (Riba) | "All interest of Jahiliyyah is abolished. I first abolish the interest of Abbas bin Abdul Muttalib." |
| 3 | Abolition of bloodshed | "All bloodshed of Jahiliyyah is abolished. I first abolish the blood of Rabi'ah bin al-Harith." |
| 4 | Rights of women | "Treat women kindly. They are entrusted to you." |
| 5 | Establishment of prayer | "Keep up the prayer." |
| 6 | Payment of Zakah | "Give Zakah." |
| 7 | Quran and Sunnah after the Prophet | "I am leaving two things among you: the Book of Allah and the Sunnah of His Messenger." |
| 8 | Equality | "No Arab has superiority over a non-Arab, nor a non-Arab over an Arab, except by piety (Taqwa)." |
| 9 | Final Hajj | "Perhaps I will not meet you after this year." |
| 10 | Final question | "Have I conveyed the message?" All said: "Allahumma Na'm" (O Allah! Yes) |
| 11 | Allah as witness | "Allahumma ishhad" (O Allah! Bear witness) |
| Detail | Information |
|---|---|
| Illness | Fever and severe headache |
| Last day | He was in the house of Aisha (RA) |
| Last advice | "The prayer, the prayer, and those whom your right hands possess (slaves/servants)." |
| Date of death | 12th Rabi' al-Awwal, 11 AH (Monday) |
| Christian date | June 8, 632 CE |
| Age | 63 years (62 solar years) |
| Burial place | Chamber of Aisha (inside Masjid an-Nabawi) |
| Person | Reaction |
|---|---|
| Umar (RA) | Said: "Whoever says Muhammad ﷺ has died, I will strike his neck." |
| Abu Bakr (RA) | Delivered a sermon: "Whoever worshiped Muhammad, then Muhammad has died. Whoever worshiped Allah, then Allah is Ever-Living and never dies." |
Religion completed: "This day I have perfected your religion for you." (Surah Al-Ma'idah 5:3)
After him: The Rightly Guided Caliphate (Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali)
His Sunnah: Guidance that will remain until the Day of Judgment
His message: Reached the entire world
| Event | Hijri | CE |
|---|---|---|
| Birth | Year of the Elephant | 571 CE |
| First Revelation | - | 610 CE |
| Migration to Medina | 1st Muharram, 1 AH | 622 CE |
| Battle of Badr | 2 AH | 624 CE |
| Battle of Uhud | 3 AH | 625 CE |
| Battle of Khandaq | 5 AH | 627 CE |
| Treaty of Hudaybiyyah | 6 AH | 628 CE |
| Conquest of Khaybar | 7 AH | 629 CE |
| Conquest of Makkah | 8 AH | 630 CE |
| Farewell Pilgrimage | 10 AH | 632 CE |
| Death (Wafat) | 11 AH | 632 CE |
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Month of the Prophet's ﷺ birth | Rabi' al-Awwal |
| Name of his father | Abdullah |
| Name of his grandfather | Abdul Muttalib |
| Name of his uncle who raised him | Abu Talib |
| Where did the first revelation come? | Cave of Hira |
| First word of the first revelation | "Iqra'" (Read) |
| First woman to believe | Khadijah (RA) |
| First man to believe | Abu Bakr (RA) |
| Year of migration to Abyssinia | 615 CE (5th year of prophethood) |
| Year of migration to Medina | 622 CE (1 AH) |
| Number of Muslims in Battle of Badr | 313 |
| Number of martyrs in Battle of Uhud | 70 (including Hamzah) |
| Who advised digging the trench at Khandaq | Salman al-Farsi (RA) |
| Year of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah | 6 AH |
| Year of the Conquest of Makkah | 8 AH |
| Year of the Farewell Pilgrimage | 10 AH |
| Date of the Prophet's ﷺ death | 12th Rabi' al-Awwal, 11 AH |
| His age at death | 63 years |