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1

What social tension arose during the Umayyad Caliphate?

Hard 1 Mark

Non-Arab Muslims (called Mawali) were often treated as second-class citizens.

A Conflict between Muslims and Christians only

B Tension between Arab and non-Arab Muslims due to focus on political authority

C Conflict over trade routes

D Disagreements about prayer methods

2

What happened to Islamic civilization after the Mongol invasion of 1258 CE?

Hard 1 Mark

Political power ended in Baghdad, but Islamic civilization survived and continued elsewhere.

A It collapsed entirely and permanently

B It immediately recovered within a year

C Islamic civilization continued to flourish despite the end of Abbasid political power

D It moved to Spain permanently

3

What does the rapid spread of Islam beyond Arabia demonstrate?

Hard 1 Mark

Islam spread through a combination of military expansion, trade, and genuine conversion.

A That it was spread only by military force

B That early Muslims were economically powerful

C The appeal of Islamic principles and effective leadership of early caliphs

D That the Arabian Peninsula was overpopulated

4

What year did the spread of Islam beyond Arabia begin most rapidly?

Hard 1 Mark

Each caliphate contributed to Islamic expansion — no single one can be credited alone.

A During Abu Bakr's caliphate from 632 CE

B During Umar's caliphate from 634 CE

C During the Umayyad period from 661 CE

D All of the above are correct

5

What is the broader significance of Islamic civilization's contributions to humanity?

Hard 1 Mark

The Islamic Golden Age preserved and advanced human knowledge at a critical period in history.

A It only benefited Muslim countries

B It shaped global knowledge, shaping education, science, governance, and culture that influenced Europe and Asia for centuries

C It was limited to the medieval period with no lasting impact

D It primarily advanced military technology

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